A Call for Progress free essay sample

A Call for Progress describes the need and importance of telecommunication in todays world. It helps many people in exploring different opportunities. Unfortunately, this industry is in the hands of state-run monopolies who are inefficient in this sector with a staff which is poorly motivated. However, the introduction of cell phone has enabled the consumers to avoid the bane of landline service. As there has been an increase in the means to communicate, the economic growth has boosted due to a number of reasons such as lowering prices, reducing waste etc. The case provides a couple of examples of the Indian farmers and fisherman about how cell phone has changed their way of pricing and products. Cell phone manufacturers are also looking up opportunities for more production and how to gain more consumers using different techniques and cheaper offers. The goal of the industry is to cell more of their units. We will write a custom essay sample on A Call for Progress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the western countries, it is not an attractive market since there are already more cell phone accounts than there are people. There is a difference in the markets if USA and China are compared where only 1. million new accounts are created in the USA in contrast to 6. 8 million per month in China. Some companies such as Millicom adapted their marketing and pricing strategies according to where they were present. In African and Latin American countries, they had to use low pricing strategies so that they could encourage more people to buy their offers. The pricing was set according to the seconds called by the customers and not by the minute. Also, some balance or minutes could be transferred amongst relatives and friends. There has been an emergence in the innovation sector because there is a need for cutting cost. The towers alone costs alot to a company. In India, towers need AC and backup generators due to power outages. Some companies are trying to make their equipments much smaller to control their costs. Even though, young generation in those areas demands the new, hi-tech phones. Identify the roles of product policy, pricing, promotion, and distribution in the cell market in developed countries. The roles of product, pricing, promotion and distribution play a vital role in the marketing of a product. In this case, there is the actual product, i. e. the cell phones, and the service, i. e. the cell phone service providers. First, analyzing the product policy, cell phones need to be much more than an apparel used for communication. The markets in the developed countries demand hi-tech phones with which they can do more than just communication. Most of the new phones have internet access which means that the product needs to have bigger screens, touch options, better memory so that the consumers can use the phone with convenience and at a faster speed. Therefore, the phone companies need to produce products which are demanded by the consumers having their specified characteristics. If we take into account the service providers, the services in the developed markets such as USA or Western countries require the speed and the quality of the service. The service providers must take into account the ease of use, the clientele service and the general quality of their services. In developed countries, they should take into consideration whether the service they offer be customized or standardized. As because the customers in the developed countries have the budget to meet their own requirements, the customization of the service or the product should be their primary target. Price is one of the most vital components of the marketing mix. The Cell phones in this case has very low price and is trying very hard to reduce their costs in order to bring more customers and cover as less costs as possible. The phone industry has cut costs so much because there are so many options the customers can choose from and it is also made available for them. In this case, pricing is difficult because of the degree of competition and they also face different demands related to each other. The price policy, however, could be standardized in a developed country because people are willing to pay for the product or the service providers in order to get the service they want. Place is another marketing mix tool that can also be referred to as distribution of the product or service. the distribution of the cell phones depends upon where the consumers are. The cell phone companies are likely to distribute the hi-tech phones with wifi and 3G connection in the developed countries because these countries have the capacity of offering these services to the consumers and the consumers also have the know-how of how to use these products in a more efficient way. Same goes with the services where the consumers have the access of such services because they have the education and are well trained for such services. The promotion policy in the developed countries differs than the developing countries by a large scale. There are many advertisements for different cell phones and service providers everywhere but the consumers in the developed countries tend to find out information for themselves. These consumers have the sufficient amount of information through the internet where they find out about the quality and the different characteristics for themselves. The point of promoting the product is not so that the customers know about the product, but to convince the consumers that there product is the positive thing. Identify the roles of product policy, pricing, promotion, and distribution in the cell market in emerging markets. The marketing mix for emerging markets is different from the developed countries. The product must be produced according to the customers demands in the emerging markets. The design and characteristics should be formed according to the trend in those markets. That is why there must be marketing directors present in those countries who can help tailor the products in those markets in order to fulfill their demands. The degree of standardization depends on the markets because through standardization, the cell phone industry can achieve economies of scale but by doing so, they do not have the customers satisfaction because the customers might have different demands. Phone companies thought that customers wanted plain simple phone but, for example, in China the consumers want the latest phones with the latest features installed on it. The pricing policy for emerging markets is different than for the developed countries because in some countries such as Latin America, average people spend less money on cell phones. By looking at that, the cell service providers used different methods to attract the customers such as production of SIM cards at a low price and transferring of credit and minutes amongst relatives or friends, etc. These allowed the customers to communicate with each other and helped them in the usage of the cell phones. The distribution is a challenge for the cell companies in emerging markets. The companies must look at the cultural difference and the language barrier because these consumers must be aware of different brands of cell phone companies and providers. Product awareness is the key concept in this area because the consumers must be aware of the origin of these companies so that they can make their choice. The policy of promotion is a little related to the pricing policy where the cell companies advertise the promotion making the product or service temporarily available at lower prices. Increasing sales temporarily is another aspect of the promotion of products in the emerging markets. The only difference is that these companies cannot use advert standardization because of the heavy cultural difference in different regions of these emerging markets. What are the relative opportunities for standardization and customization in the cell phone industry? Standardization and customization have their pros and cons depending upon different relations to the marketing mix. In relations to product, in countries where cell phones and services is considered to be of high importance, standardization is very much possible. However, the different laws in different regions makes it necessary for the cell phones to adapt to customization of the features and the services. As for promotion, there are always different interpretations of the themes of the advertisements and the perception differs in different regions of the world. Therefore, standardization in relations to promotion might hurt the cell phone industry. However, standardization could be used in regions with similar cultures and lower language barriers. This could also result in economies of scales for the cell phones and services. Price related issues can provide opportunities for customization because the differences inside the market with the price elasticity of demand require high modifications in the price strategy. Thus, the customization plays a big role in the marketing strategy for cell phone industry. Markets that have similar infrastructure, availability of resources, and distributive systems have a high degree of standardization which could result in low cost for transporting the product or service to the end consumers. In general, the main benefit of standardization is economies of scale. What are the roles of legal forces and cultural influences in the cell phone industry? There is a huge impact of legal forces and cultural influences in the cell phone industry. An example of laws and regulation imposed on a market is china which banned facebook in the country resulting in people not being able to reach facebook app on their phones. This lowered the usage of cell phone internet accessibility and cell services suffered a loss in their sector. It is always beneficial to specify the appliance of laws beforehand when a company intends to do business with another country. In this case, the cell phone industries must be aware of different laws which protect the industries in the host country and enter accordingly. The cultural difference is an external influence which has an impact on the industry as well as the consumers. Culture is one of the most difficult attributes to comprehend, therefore the marketers of cell phone and service industry must pay close attention to the culture of the host country. It is very easy to violate the norms and cultural values of a country without even knowing about it. The promotion of cell phones and the service providers must keep in mind the cultural issue when presenting their product or service as not to offend the cultural values of the market. Conclusion In a nutshell, the cell phone companies and the service providers are going through a great deal of customization aspects in order to attract the customers in developing countries because the amount of people convinced to use the services is much more high in emerging markets such as India or China in comparison to the developed countries such as USA or western countries. An example of this can be deduced by a company called Micromax, a cell phone company in India, which produces innovative products at low costs because of the presence of its plants in China and uses effective promotional campaigns.

Chocolate - Compare the book to the movie

Chocolate - Compare the book to the movie Lasse Hallstrom displays the events of "Chocolat" effectively in the film version of the 1999 novel of the same name by Joanne Harris. Europe is renowned for its fine chocolates, so the title suits the French setting well. The main theme in both the film and the novel is social equity and many aspects of this theme are displayed in "Chocolat". There are a number of other themes represented such as domestic violence, community spirit (both good and bad), the church v witchcraft, racial discrimination, and the role of women in society, euthanasia and food.Joanne Harris' husband was the inspiration for Chocolat. Annoyed that he was watching the footy on TV Harris asked him what he thought was the female equivalent of football. His answer was "chocolate", which resulted in Harris writing a novel based around the theme of chocolate.The story is narrated by two of the characters.English: dutch singer anouk at festival mundial 20...Vianne Rocher a stranger in the town and Pere Francis Reyna ud town Mayor/Catholic Priest the both give their own version of events as they unfold.The novel and the film describe the stranger Vianne Rocher and her six year old daughter Anouk arrival in the village of Lansquent with the north wind on Shrove Tuesday. Tired of wandering, Anouk begs her mother to stay. Vianne and Anouk move into a shop across the road from the church and open a chocolate shop. Vianne is a single parent, who contrary to the rest of the village does not attend church. Everyone in the town is astounded by Vianne's actions and her way of life. She opens her own chocolate shop right in the middle of Lent a holy time of self-discipline for the Catholic Church. From the moment Vianne sees Reynaud you know there...

Financing Decisions and Market Efficiency Essay

Financing Decisions and Market Efficiency - Essay Example It is therefore important that a company must be innovative and highly efficient in managing its long term and short term financial perspectives in a manner that promotes confidence in its investors and customers. The fast changing technological innovations have facilitated a wide scope of linking elements of finance and market derivatives that have considerable influence on each other. Very often, the market driven compulsions, affect the financial outcome of the corporate bodies, making them financially vulnerable to market forces. Hence, the companies that are listed on the stock exchanges and have definite ratings by the various well respected investors’ services must ensure that they have good feedback and accordingly formulate strategy to maintain good market position. Moody’s investors’ service is one of the world’s most trusted and utilized services that provides the investors with the protection of integrity of credit vis-Ã  -vis the companies that it rates according to their financial and performance based fundamental strengths. It core business activities include credit rating, research and analysis providing a transparent system of market evaluation and upgrading the level of assessment of stocks with information based values. The most important aspect of Moody’s credit ratings is that it help the investors to analyse the credit risks for the securities and stocks of the company. Hence once a company gets a credit rating from the Moody, its credibility is established in the market. The higher the credit listing, the better the chances are for the company to maintain a low interest cost and high stake in credit-debt ratio. Moody’s approach to credit ratings, are based on the perspectives over a long period of time, within which the company would be not only be able to survive and succeed but also be able to meet its credit obligations. Therefore, it

Representations of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Representations of Love - Essay Example This essay compares and contrasts Shakespeare's ideas about love in three of his most popular plays, Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice and Twelfth Night. The play Midsummer night's dream revolves around the fundamental difficulties of love. Through out the play this universal concept has been discussed through the effective use of contrast. Shakespeare has used symbolism to develop his ideas in the play and to present a fair view regarding the theme. In Act I, scene I Theseus and Hippolyta discuss their wedding which is to scheduled in four days, from here the story begins and the play gradually describes the ideas of love and the magical powers of dreams. Shakespeare presents his personal views on love with the help of this play. An analysis of the play points out that Shakespeare was of the view that although love is a beautiful emotion cherished by all individuals but finding love is the hardest of all as an individual has to face a lot of tension and stress to find love. The central idea of the play is to prove that a childish love, which is known as teenage love, is foolish in nature. He has included four central characters in the play which are young children who fall in love with the young girls. Eventually at the end of the play, they discover their foolishness. William successfully conveyed his message that teenage love is slightly foolish in nature. The other play under scrutiny is the Twelfth Night which is most simply put is a story of cross dressing and mistaken identity. It is filled with sexual tension between characters and poetic words on love. Twelfth Night is nearly as much a study of service and master-servant relations as it is a comedy of romantic love. The relationships and tensions between lovers are clearly discernible in the play's manifold variations. Viola's status as Orsino's servant is the condition of possibility and impossibility of her love for him and also of Olivia's erotic desire for her as Cesario; Orsino himself embodies courtly infatuation as a form of service in his dotage on Olivia; Malvolio exemplifies, Sonnet-like, the servant's fantasy of social elevation through erotic conquest; Antonio's homoerotic affection for Sebastian restates in a different key courtly devotion to the belove. O spirit of love, how quick and fresh art thou, That notwithstanding thy capacity Receiveth as the sea, naught enters there, Of what validity and pitch so'er, But falls into abatement and low price Even in a minute. (1.1.9-14) Orsino's opening meditation on his unrequited love for Olivia encompasses some of the most famous lines and images in the whole Shakespeare canon. The lines also identify the major themes and concerns of Twelfth Night. In the lines above, the references to love and to the sea encompass elements that will resound throughout the action of the play. Orsino compares the capacity of love to the capacity of the ocean in its ability to be. The third play is the Merchant of Venice which centers on the struggle between Portia and Antonio for Bassanio's affection, or the competition between friendship and marriage. In the Elizabethan context Antonio and Bassanio's relationship does not

American Prison Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

American Prison Law - Essay Example Citizens, who had been wrongly accused or unjustly sentenced, could challenge such actions. It was the bounden duty of the federal government to implement a system of checks-and-balances in the system so that the correction department did not infringe the fundamental liberty of citizens. This endeavor was assisted significantly by librarians who acted in an unbiased manner within the purview of the standards established by the American Association of Law Libraries. This was to ensure that the policies of institutions and departments, and authorizations from the United States Supreme Court and local jurisdictions were observed2. In the 1977 case of Bounds v. Smiths, the right of an offender to access the judiciary was established by the US Supreme Court. Moreover, the court held that prison inmates should be provided with access to state and federal court systems. It also directed the correctional facilities to allow offenders to access law libraries and to provide legal assistance to their illiterate inmates, so that they could avail themselves of professional assistance while preparing their pleadings. The objective of this decision was to enable prisoners to access the court systems. However this ruling created a lot of consternation amongst the correctional personnel, librarians and library science professionals as it required them to implement new strategies in order to provide prison inmates with access to the appropriate legal documents3. The applicants in Casey v Lewis were prison officials of the Arizona DOC. The DOC had argued that the US District Court of Arizona had been mistaken in deciding that the department had breached Bounds. It also claimed that the court's order deprived the lawful remedies of the department. The respondents in the case were twenty - two inmates imprisoned in various correctional facilities of the DOC4. The respondents collectively filed a class - suit on behalf of all offenders who had been imprisoned and also on behalf of future offenders. In their application they have accused the DOC of depriving them of the right to access the courts and counsel. These provisions had been assured by the First, Sixth and Fourteenth Constitutional amendments. The district court held that the prisoners had a constitutional right of access to the courts and that such access was to be adequate and effective5. Moreover, the court held that the DOC had failed to act in accordance with constitutional standards. The court also found that the DOC was not in a position to meet the offenders' needs in areas such as providing the inmates with appropriate training so as to utilize the library. It also held that the library had failed to obtain updated legal materials and that it had not provided prisoners with photocopying facilities6. Moreover, the court observed that prisoners belonged to two groups and that these offenders had not been provided with adequate services. The first group was composed of offenders on a lockdown status or in other words it was composed of offenders who had been deprived of the bodily right of entry to the law library. Such offenders were on occasion denied access to the courts. The second group consisted of offenders who either could not speak English or who were illiterate7. The court accepted the

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution Medical Advancements in the industrial revolution Compared with the other great time periods, the industrial revolution in particular was known to have had one of the largest impacts on the world. Some of the largest being advancements in technology leading to breakthroughs in the field of medicine. It was during the 18th century that scientists were able to discover cures for many previously incurable diseases through the use and application of these â€Å"new† technologies. The government of the time was also forced to improve living conditions in order to create better sanitation, which in turn also helped to lower the risk of disease and raise life expectancy. Disease accounted for many deaths in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution. With a chronic lack of hygiene, little knowledge of sanitary care and no knowledge as to what caused diseases (let alone cure them), diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus could be lethal. As the cities became more populated, the problem worsened. Prior to advancements in medicine there had been little-to-no sanitation, and accordingly people living during this time had a very short life expectancy. Also, there was little understanding around how and why disease was constantly spreading. One of the major contributing factors was the housing conditions which the majority of the population dwelled: they were overcrowded, meaning that one small room could (and often did) house up to ten people. Houses did not have access to clean water, the water was contaminated with sewage, bacteria and other pathogens. With the majority of doctors knowledge being based upon traditional remedies that had lit tle evidence, and there being limited diagnostic tools or understanding, this also did not help the health of the population. Before and during the industrial revolution there was a common belief that disease was caused by â€Å"bad smells† and â€Å"invisible poisonous gas clouds.† With increasing numbers of people within cities, diseases and ill-health was on the rise, which promoted scientists to begin searching for scientific reasons behind diseases and thus deducting how to cure them. Throughout the industrial revolution there have been accounts of poor living conditions coupled with bad building management systems, mass siltation and poor hygiene. FRIEDRICH ENGELS was known to have said In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. (Cotton times, 2012).This quote from his memoir shows the extent of pollution and the mismanagement of waste disposal. This also shows just how filth stricken and unhygienic the streets where. This abundance of pollution and waste was defined aided the spread of disease. Until the occurrence such medical advancements surgery and other medical practices remained a task frequently done by barbers merely because they possessed the correct tools. The lack of any such pain killers, along with the continuing social disapproval due to such mortalities, created a continuous cycle where few people underwent surgery thus leading to limited knowledge and research done in the field. Therefore surgery and medicine in general progressed very little throughout the middle ages and all of that changed in the industrial revolution due to revolutionary medical advancements. It all began with the discovery of the properties of chloroform and ether in the 1850’s by numerous scientist, thus making surgery effectively painless, though there was still a significant amount of pain after the effects of the anaesthetic wore off. On screen is a chart that shows the evolution of surgery and medicine in general. Even knowing this the number of people willing to undertake surgical procedures multiplied in the following years. This caused the increase of the death of patients post operation presumably due to bacterial infection. In the decades prior such a small quantity of people were willing to undergo surgery and the patients that did most likely died on the operating table therefore bacterial infection was relatively rare and thus their causes such as operating conditions, unclean surgical instruments as well general poor hygiene where remained unexplored. After countless deaths and a plethora of research came the answer: germs In the 1850s Louis Pasture make a significant breakthrough with his revolutionary germ theory of disease. He discovered the microorganisms were causing decay because they were constantly spreading. He concluded that these microorganisms where the cause of many diseases. He carried out his experiments by collecting air in flasks and determining which ones contained more bacteria. The flasks that had more bacteria were noted as containing air from places that had been very overpopulated and dirty. He extended his theory to explain the causes of many deadly diseases such as anthrax, cholera as well as TB. Now scientist could cure sicknesses based on the discoveries made by Pasture. Without Louis Pasteur the field of microbiology would not have existed. His contributions where crucial to the development of the Industrial Revolution and his discoveries are still relevant to this day. They have acted as building blocks for further discoveries and started a general trend in medicine. His co ntributions include, instituting changes in medical practices, to minimize the spread of disease, discovering that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunisation and finally he introduced the concept of viruses to the medical world. Because of his glowing accolades many regarded him as the â€Å"father of microbiology†. Personally I believe that he deserves such title because without his work many of modern medical discoveries would not have occurred but I do accredit him solely because I believe that the advancements made in the industrial revolution where a group effort and that many scientist contributed to its occurrence. Although his research was neglected by the medical community for several years due to his unorthodox methods of practise, Edward Jenner revolutionised the study of medicine forever by creating a cure for Smallpox which has changed the practise of the prevention of many diseases with vaccines today saving countless lives. He built upon the work done by Louis pasture and created a vaccine for smallpox by inoculating his patients with cow pox. It was successful and became mandatory in Britain in 1852. With economic growth living standards were able to improve. Britain was able to turn the field of public health into a socio-medical vital to community health. Soon enough the new chapter of the revolution included focussing on the public health movement and supporting the poor who were unable to pay for medical treatment. So the Public Health Act was passed, making sanitary improvements in the slums and stationed medical officers in every district in England. Infant mortality rates where decreasing and life expectancy was finally flourishing. After several medical findings such as relief from typhoid and surgery started to become widely practised. In order to have surgery patients need to go under anaesthesia. To create anaesthetics mixed numerous chemicals and experimented to find out what effects they would have on humans. Humphrey Davies realised by experimentation that laughing gas was one factor that could reduce pain. Since this wasn’t the most effective method therefore ether was used due to its ability to put patients to sleep. In 1847 James Simpson was the first to discover chloroform’s ability to render patients unconscious. With this medical breakthrough surgery was able to become a quicker and a more efficient process. A problem with early surgery was that surgeons did not poses antiseptics this caused infections in patients and many deaths. Joseph Lister discovered that spraying patient’s wounds with carbolic acid spray would kill microbes thus preventing the occurrence of infection and allowing the patient to heal correctly without infection. His spray was eventually used in public places as a sanitary precaution but some individuals at the time reported to having reactions to this acid. In 1895 Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen discovered the use of x-rays in medical imaging, this brought great advancement to the medical world and surgery itself. Without such a discovery the world’s medical history would not have been the same. All of these inventions and progressions in medical technology have paved the way for a successful medical world as we know it. The machines, drugs, surgeries have all originated from the time of the industrial revolution. Of course they have progressed and evolved over the years and will continue to evolve as time goes on. If there was never a revolution such as this one the world would have never seen change. Our lives and lives to come will forever be different due to the medical advancements in the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a turning point in history because its medical advancements improved health in the medical word, life expectancy and the spread of disease. There are many points that be argued as the most important part of the industrial revolution and turning points in history. Although many historians like to say that the advancements in medicine where not as crucial to the occurrence of mass industrialisation as agriculture, per se. While I acknowledge their points and am in no way saying that the changes in agriculture was not important but I believe that the medical advancements and the change in legislation due to these advances where crucial to the continuation and sustainability of the industrial revolution. Because, a healthy workforce is a productive workforce. Without a healthy workforce industrialisation could not have occurred and workplace based injuries would not have been able to be treated and in the case of the agricultural revolution While some people today like to focus on the work of just one person as â€Å"the† breakthrough which influenced the remainder of the Industrial Revolution, and as such shaped the medical field as we know it today, however, I disagree. I do not think it is possible to name just one man as the founder of modern medicine. Each of the scientists that I have named had unique contributions to the field, each independent of the other. Without any one of these, there would still be disease and ill-health throughout the world. To name just one man would be an injustice, thus I acknowledge each of these breakthrough scientists for their contributions and efforts to enable myself to live the safe and healthy life that I do today. I believe the most productive work that aided humanity has been done in collaboration throughout history. I believe that these advancements where a sheer coincidence and the correct number of scientist gathered at the right time under the correct circumstances lured by economic opportunities. The medical advancements in the industrial revolution caused the worldwide improvement in life expectancy and public health. That world wild phenomenon had a domino effect throughout the following years and lead us to where we are today. Without the industrial revolutions medical advancements we would not be in the position we are in today with public health and life expectancy.

Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Essay -- Business Management

Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Biography of Douglas McGregor Douglas McGregor was born on 1906 in Detroit, America. In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, Thomas McGregor started his business and given its name as, McGregor Institute. The business provides assistance to Great Lakes sailors and other transient labour. The Institute provided shelter, warmth and food to approximately 100 men every year. When Thomas McGregor passed away, his son Murray McGregor (Douglas’s father) continued to manage the business. During high school, Douglas McGregor worked as a night clerk and played the piano and organ at the chapel services. At work, he became familiar with the employees and their problems. In 1936, McGregor Institute came to an end and it was sold for $100,000 to the Goodwill Industries. After high school, McGregor went to Oberlin College and then attended to Wayne University, where he had graduated in 1932. While at college, he was married and left his college work for about five years to save enough money to start a family. McGregor began as a gasoline station attendant in Buffalo and quickly progressed to district manager of stations in the Detroit region. In 1935, he received a PhD degree from Harvard University in Experimental Psychology. McGregor was a brilliant student at Harvard that; he achieved an A grade in every course. After his graduation from Harvard University, he became a Professor of Psychology and taught there f...